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　　TextA What Is a Decision？

　　課文精講

　　Para.5

　　At the managerial level， decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them， and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.

　　1.在as well as 結(jié)構(gòu)中，強(qiáng)調(diào)前者 limiting alternatives ，不強(qiáng)調(diào)后者

　　譯為：作決策包括限定選擇和識別選擇，或者譯成：不僅包括識別選擇還要包括限定選擇（除了包括識別選擇外還有限定選擇）。

　　2.practically ad. 實際上，事實上（在口語中譯為，幾乎，簡直）在本文中是幾乎的意思。例如：幾乎是不可能practically impossible。

　　Para.6

　　Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is， which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. Because individuals （and organizations） frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals， the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. Frequently， departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. Called suboptimization， this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function. For example， the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget. In the larger scheme of things， however， increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.

　　3.An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.

　　一個省略that或which的定語從句，修飾a state of affairs “事物的狀態(tài)，事態(tài)”。

　　to seek to do sth追求，爭取，尋求，設(shè)法（去做某事）。

　　4.Because individuals frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals， the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.

　　本句中，because 引導(dǎo)了原因狀語從句；在主句中，who makes the decision 是作depend on 的介詞賓語從句。

　　5.Frequently，departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization.

　　兩個that引導(dǎo)的都是定語從句，修飾decisions。less than 在此做狀語，表示否定的含義， less than optimal “不太理想”。

　　例如：This job is less than perfect. 這份工作不十分理想（完美）。

　　6.this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function.

　　that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾trade-off “權(quán)衡”；increases 和 decreases 是定語從句的并列謂語。